Biodiversity Data Quality Fitness for Use Framework (Ontology)
type: Ontology
version IRI: https://rs.tdwg.org/bdqffdq/terms/1.0
issued: 2026-03-23
note: The classes and object properties found in this ontology are dedicated to fundamental and derived concepts from the Fitness For Use Framework described in the paper by Veiga et al., available at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0178731 as modified to describe data quality fitness for use Tests in the TDWG BDQ Standard.

aggregates Responses From
type: ObjectProperty
range: Data Quality Need
comment: Relates an ActedUpon Information Element (typically used by a MultiRecord Measure) to the DataQualityNeed (Validation, Issue, Measure, or Amendment) whose Responses in a DataQualityReport are aggregated as inputs to that Measure.
note: This property provides an explicit machine-queryable link between an acted-upon set of aggregated Response outcomes and the upstream Test whose Responses it aggregates. It is intended to complement use of bdqffdq:hasActedUponInformationElement / bdqffdq:composedOf when the acted-upon data are Responses in a Data Quality Report, rather than raw source-data terms.

amendment Property
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Subproperties of this type group object properties that apply to bdqffdq:AmendmentConcepts such as bdqffdq:AmendmentPolicy (bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed), bdqffdq:AmendmentMethod (bdqffdq:DataQualityMethod) and bdqffdq:Amendment (bdqffdq:DataQualityReports).
definition: Category of object properties that apply to bdqffdq:Amendments

applies To
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: If a bdqffdq:Response forms the oa:body of an oa:Annotation, the bdqffdq:appliesTo bdqffdq:DataResource would be the oa:target of the bdqffdq:Annotation. If bdqffdq:Responses are composed in bdqffdq:DataQualityReports, the bdqffdq:appliesTo bdqffdq:DataResource is an item examined as part of the bdqffdq:DataQualityReport. Expectation for bdqffdq:SingleRecord Test bdqffdq:Responses on Darwin Core data in the BDQ standard is that bdqffdq:appliesTo would point at a dwc:Occurrence record.
definition: Describes the bdqffdq:DataResource about which a bdqffdq:Response is made.

composed Of
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Describes the properties from a controlled vocabulary that compose an InformationElement. For example, an InformationElement may be composedOf properties such as dwc:day, dwc:month and dwc:year.
definition: Specific vocabulary term that comprises a bdqffdq:InformationElement that is not a bdqffdq:AbstractInformationElement.

contains Response
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Connects bdqffdq:Responses together into bdqffdq:DataQualityReports. Alternatively, bdqffdq:Responses can be contained in oa:Annotations, in which case this property is not used.
definition: Connects a bdqffdq:DataQualityReport with bdqffdq:Responses that comprise that bdqffdq:DataQualityReport.

for Amendment
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: amendment Property
sub property of: for Data Quality Need
range: Restriction
  on property: for Amendment
  some values from: Amendment
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Use to link a bdqffdq:AmendmentMethod to a bdqffdq:Amendment. Describes the relationship between a bdqffdq:AmendmentMethod (Solutions layer, see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) and a bdqffdq:Amendment (Need layer, see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017).
definition: Relates a bdqffdq:AmendmentMethod to a bdqffdq:Amendment.

for Data Quality Need
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Category of properties that link Tests to their bdqffdq:Methods.
definition: Category of properties that relates a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed to specific bdqffdq:Methods.

for Issue
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: for Data Quality Need
sub property of: issue Property
range: Restriction
  on property: for Issue
  some values from: Issue
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Use to link a bdqffdq:IssueMethod to a bdqffdq:Issue. Describes the relationship between a bdqffdq:IssueMethod (Solutions layer, see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) and a bdqffdq:Issue (Need layer, see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017). Parallel concepts are bdqffdq:forAmendment, bdqffdq:forValidation, and bdqffdq:forMeasure.
definition: Relates a bdqffdq:IssueMethod to a bdqffdq:Issue.

for Measure
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: for Data Quality Need
sub property of: measurement Property
range: Restriction
  on property: for Measure
  some values from: Measure
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Use to link bdqffdq:MeasurementMethods (Solutions layer, see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) to bdqffdq:Measures (Need layer, see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017). Parallel concepts are bdqffdq:forAmendment, bdqffdq:forValidation, and bdqffdq:forIssue.
definition: Relates a bdqffdq:MeasurementMethod to a bdqffdq:Measure.

for Validation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: for Data Quality Need
sub property of: validation Property
range: Restriction
  on property: for Validation
  some values from: Validation
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Use to link bdqffdq:ValidationMethods to bdqffdq:Validations. Describes the relationship between a bdqffdq:ValidationMethod (Solutions layer, see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) and a bdqffdq:Validation (Need layer, see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017). Parallel concepts are bdqffdq:forAmendment, bdqffdq:forMeasure, and bdqffdq:forIssue.
definition: Relates a bdqffdq:ValidationMethod to a bdqffdq:Validation.

has Acted Upon Information Element
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has Information Element
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Provides a relationship between bdqffdq: concepts and the bdqffdq:InformationElements that are bdqffdq:ActedUpon in a Test.
definition: Describes the bdqffdq:ActedUpon bdqffdq:InformationElements assessed by a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed about which bdqffdq:Responses arising from the bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed would apply.

has Argument
type: ObjectProperty
range: Argument
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Expected to be a relationship between a bdqffdq:Specification and a bdqffdq:Argument, where the bdqffdq:Argument provides a value for a bdqffdq:Parameter (e.g., bdqval:sourceAuthority), and a bdqffdq:hasAuthoritiesDefaults for the bdqffdq:Specification may provide a default value for the bdqffdq:Parameter under that bdqffdq:Specification.
definition: Relates a bdqffdq:Specification to a bdqffdq:Argument

has Consulted Information Element
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has Information Element
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Provides a relationship between bdqffdq: concepts and the bdqffdq:InformationElements that are bdqffdq:Consulted, but not bdqffdq:ActedUpon in a Test.
definition: Describes the bdqffdq:InformationElements assessed by a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed in order to make bdqffdq:Responses concerning bdqffdq:ActedUpon bdqffdq:InformationElements.

has Criterion
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: issue Property
sub property of: validation Property
range: Restriction
  on property: has Criterion
  some values from: Criterion
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Used to link the derived concept of a bdqffdq:Validation to the bdqffdq:FundamentalConcept of a bdqffdq:Criterion.
definition: The bdqffdq:Criterion under which a bdqffdq:Validation or bdqffdq:Issue assesses for data quality.

has Data Quality Dimension
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: amendment Property
sub property of: issue Property
sub property of: measurement Property
sub property of: validation Property
range: Restriction
  on property: has Data Quality Dimension
  some values from: Data Quality Dimension
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Used to link a derived concept of a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed (a Test, whether rdf:type Validation, Issue, Measure, or Amendment) to the bdqffdq:FundamentalConcept of a bdqffdq:DataQualityDimension. For a bdqffdq:Validation or bdqffdq:Issue, the bdqffdq:DataQualityDimension of data quality assessed. For a bdqffdq:Measure, the bdqffdq:DataQualityDimension of data quality measured. For a bdqffdq:Amendment, the bdqffdq:DataQualityDimension of data quality to be improved. Under the original formulation of the Framework, only Measures have Dimensions.
definition: The bdqffdq:DataQualityDimension to which a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed applies.

has Enhancement
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: amendment Property
range: Restriction
  on property: has Enhancement
  some values from: Enhancement
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Used to link the derived property of a bdqffdq:Amendment to the bdqffdq:FundamentalConcept of a bdqffdq:Enhancement.
definition: The bdqffdq:Enhancement that describes how a bdqffdq:Amendment may propose changes to improve data quality.

has Information Element
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: amendment Property
sub property of: issue Property
sub property of: measurement Property
sub property of: validation Property
range: Information Element
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Provides a relationship between bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed concepts and bdqffdq:InformationElements. For example, bdqffdq:Validation uses this property with bdqffdq:hasResourceType to define a bdqffdq:Criterion in the context of related bdqffdq:InformationElements. Subtypes bdqffdq:hasActedUponInformationElement and bdqffdq:hasConsultedInformationElement allow a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed to be related to specific bdqffdq:InformationElement terms in a way that allows bdqffdq:DataQualityReports to distinguish for consumers which bdqffdq:InformationElements a Test makes bdqffdq:Responses about (and which only informed that bdqffdq:Response).
definition: Describes the bdqffdq:InformationElements assessed by a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed.

has Parameter
type: ObjectProperty
range: Parameter
issued: 2024-09-30
note: The bdqffdq:hasParameter property is expected to describe the Formal Parameter for which a bdqffdq:hasArgumentValue of the same bdqffdq:Argument provides the Actual Parameter. The bdqffdq:Argument is also expected to be the bdqffdq:hasArgument for a bdqffdq:Specification that provides the default value for the bdqffdq:hasArgumentValue and bdqffdq:hasParameter within a bdqffdq:hasAuthoritiesDefaults.
definition: Relates a bdqffdq:Argument to a bdqffdq:Parameter.

has Resource Type
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Provides additional metadata, with the bdqffdq:InformationElements, that describe the bdqffdq:ResourceType (bdqffdq:SingleRecord or bdqffdq:MultiRecord) on which the bdqffdq: concept operates. For example, a bdqffdq:Amendment with bdqffdq:ResourceType bdqffdq:MultiRecord defines that bdqffdq:Amendment as operating on a data set.
definition: The bdqffdq:ResourceType to which a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed applies.

has Response Qualifier
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: report Property
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Optional extension point, could be used to add structured information about uncertainty.
definition: ResponseQualifier object asserted by an Response.

has Response Result
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: report Property
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Used in a bdqffdq:DataQualityReport to describe bdqffdq:ResponseResult objects. For example, values could be bdqffdq:COMPLIANT or bdqffdq:NOT_COMPLIANT for bdqffdq:ValidationResponses. Both bdqffdq:ValidationResponses and bdqffdq:IssueResponses have bdqffdq:ResponseResults as objects. The bdqffdq:AmendmentResponses have bdqffdq:ResponseResults that are data properties, so they are not expected to use this object property. The bdqffdq:MeasurementResponse bdqffdq:ResponseResults may be objects or data. If bdqffdq:ResponseResults are not objects, use the datatype property bdqffdq:hasResponseResultValue.
definition: The bdqffdq:ResponseResult object asserted by a bdqffdq:Response.

has Response Status
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: report Property
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Used in a bdqffdq:DataQualityReport to describe bdqffdq:ResponseStatus. For example, in the case of a bdqffdq:ValidationResponse, bdqffdq:ResponseStatus values could be bdqffdq:RUN_HAS_RESULT, bdqffdq:INTERNAL_PREREQUISITES_NOT_MET, or bdqffdq:EXTERNAL_PREREQISITES_NOT_MET. Similarly, bdqffdq:AmendmentResponses can assert bdqffdq:ResponesStatus objects including bdqffdq:AMENDED or bdqffdq:FILLED_IN. The bdqffdq:ResponseStatus is always an object, unlike bdqffdq:ResponseResult, where either the object property bdqffdq:hasResponseResult or the data property bdqffdq:hasResponseResultValue may apply.
definition: The bdqffdq:ResponseStatus object asserted by a bdqffdq:Response.

has Specification
type: ObjectProperty
range: Restriction
  on property: has Specification
  some values from: Specification
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Describes the relationship between a derived bdqffdq: concept that is a bdqffdq:Method and the bdqffdq:FundamentalConcept of a bdqffdq:Specification (technical description of a Test).
definition: Relates a bdqffdq:Method to a bdqffdq:Specification.

has Use Case
type: ObjectProperty
range: Restriction
  on property: has Use Case
  some values from: Use Case
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Used by concepts in the bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed category to describe the relationship between bdqffdq:Policies (bdqffdq:ValidationPolicy, bdqffdq:MeasurementPolicy, bdqffdq:AmendmentPolicy) and an instance of a bdqffdq:UseCase.
definition: Relates a bdqffdq:Policy to a bdqffdq:UseCase.

implemented By
type: ObjectProperty
range: Restriction
  on property: implemented By
  some values from: Mechanism
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Describes the link between a bdqffdq:Implementation and a bdqffdq:Mechanism.
definition: The bdqffdq:Mechanism that provides a bdqffdq:Implementation

improved By
type: ObjectProperty
range: Restriction
  on property: improved By
  some values from: Amendment
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Originally had Domain: Amendment and Range: ImprovementTarget. Asserts that a bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget could be improved by the bdqffdq:Amendment. Object property that describes a bdqffdq:Amendment, as part of the bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget, that would improve data bdqffdq:ActedUpon by a set of bdqffdq:Measures or bdqffdq:Validations. This can be used to determine which bdqffdq:Measures and bdqffdq:Validations are improved upon by a given bdqffdq:Amendment.
definition: The bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget that would have data quality improved by bdqffdq:Responses resulting from a bdqffdq:Amendment.

included In Policy
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Relates bdqffdq:Policies to Tests (bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed).
definition: Assserts that a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed is part of a bdqffdq:Policy.

issue Property
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Properties that relate bdqffdq:Issues to bdqffdq:IssueMethods, bdqffdq:Criteria, and bdqffdq:DataQualityDimensions.
definition: Category of object properties that apply to bdqffdq:Issues.

measurement Property
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Subproperties of this type group object properties that apply to bdqffdq:MeasurementConcepts such as bdqffdq:MeasurementPolicy (bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed), bdqffdq:MeasurementMethod (bdqffdq:DataQualityMethod) and bdqffdq:Measure (bdqffdq:DataQualityReport).
definition: Category of object properties that apply to bdqffdq:Measures.

produces Response
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Connects bdqffdq:Implementations (Solutions layer, see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) with the bdqffdq:Responses (Reports layer, see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) that they produce from the execution of a bdqffdq:Specification.
definition: Connects an entity with a bdqffdq:Response that the entity created.

report Property
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Category of properties used in reports (object properties associated with response objects (bdqffdq:Responses)). See also the data properties bdqffdq:hasResponseComment and bdqffdq:hasResponseResultValue.
definition: Category of object properties that apply to bdqffdq:Responses.

targeted Issue
type: ObjectProperty
range: Restriction
  on property: targeted Issue
  some values from: Issue
issued: 2024-09-30
note: The bdqffdq:Issue targeted by a problem via the bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget object. Describes the relationship between a bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget and a bdqffdq:Issue.
definition: A bdqffdq:Issue for which the data conformance with a bdqffdq:NeedConcept may be improved by accepting proposals from a bdqffdq:Amendment via a bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget.

targeted Measure
type: ObjectProperty
range: Restriction
  on property: targeted Measure
  some values from: Measure
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Describes the relationship between a bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget and a bdqffdq:Measure.
definition: A bdqffdq:Measure for which the data conformance with a bdqffdq:NeedConcept may be improved by accepting proposals from a bdqffdq:Amendment via a bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget.

targeted Validation
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
range: Restriction
  on property: targeted Validation
  some values from: Validation
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Relates a bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget to a bdqffdq:Validation. Describes the relationship between a bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget and a bdqffdq:Validation.
definition: A bdqffdq:Validation for which the data conformance with a bdqffdq:NeedConcept may be improved by accepting proposals from a bdqffdq:Amendment via a bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget.

uses Specification
type: ObjectProperty
range: Restriction
  on property: uses Specification
  some values from: Specification
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Relates a bdqffdq:Implementation to the bdqffdq:Specification that the bdqffdq:Implementation implements.
definition: The bdqffdq:Specification that a bdqffdq:Implementation implements.

validation Property
type: ObjectProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Subproperties of this type group object properties that apply to bdqffdq:ValidationConcepts such as bdqffdq:ValidationPolicy (bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed), bdqffdq:ValidationMethod (bdqffdq:DataQualityMethod) and bdqffdq:Validation (bdqffdq:DataQualityReport).
definition: Category of object properties that apply to bdqffdq:Validations.

has Argument Value
type: DatatypeProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
definition: The value of a bdqffdq:Argument that is used in a bdqffdq:Specification to replace a Formal Parameter to determine the behavior of the bdqffdq:Specification.
preferred label: has Argument value

has Authorities and Defaults
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Details of the bdqval:sourceAuthority listed in a bdqffdq:Specification, with bdqffdq:Parameters that may affect the bdqffdq:hasExpectedResponse, and with their default values.
definition: Text describing bdqval:sourceAuthorities and bdqffdq:Parameters with their default values to attach to a bdqffdq:Specification to further specify the behavior described in the bdqffdq:hasExpectedResponse.

has Date Last Updated
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: topDataProperty
range: date
issued: 2024-09-30
note: While a new instance of a resource with a new dcterms:issued is required for any change to that resource, not all changes would be pertinent to implementers, (i.e., that would required implementers to evaluate their code for changes needed to comply with the update). The bdqffdq:hasDateLastUpdated allows implementers to identify which new changes to the definition of a Test would entail changes to code, and which would not. For example, a change to the logic of a bdqffdq:Specification in the text of bdqffdq:hasExpectedResponse would imply needed changes to the logic of code implementing that bdqffdq:Specification, but a correction of a spelling mistake within the text of a bdqffdq:hasExpectedResponse would not.
definition: Date of the most recent dcterms:issued for this class with a change that would be pertinent to a bdqffdq:Implementation.

has Expected Response
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
issued: 2024-09-30
note: The description of the logic of a Test Specification. A bdqffdq:hasExpectedResponse is expected to be a data property of a Specification.
definition: Text describing the logic to be followed by a bdqffdq:Implementation of a bdqffdq:Specification specifying the values of bdqffdq:ResponseStatus and bdqffdq:ResponseResults that should be produced from the evaluation of input bdqffdq:InformationElements.

has Fitness Requirements
type: DatatypeProperty
issued: 2026-03-23
note: The bdqffdq:hasFitnessRequirements should sumarize the properties that data need to have to be fit for purpose for that bdqffdq:UseCase. It should briefly list the general properties that bdqffdq:DataQualityNeeds associated with the UseCase need to assess (for example, stating that georeferences must be correctly formatted and have adequate metadata), and can identify particular threshold values (such as a coordinate uncertainty greater than some value) that would make data unfit for that use. The hasFitnessRequirements property should not, however, simply list bdqffdq:DataQualityNeeds instances, but should provide a succinct human readable summary of the quality requirements.
definition: The property of a bdqffdq:UseCase that provides text listing the qualities that data must have to be fit for a given use.

has Response Comment
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Intended for consumption by human readers of bdqffdq:DataQualityReports to understand why particular bdqffdq:Responses were made.
definition: Free text describing the bdqffdq:Response made in the response and why that conclusion was reached.

has Response Result Value
type: DatatypeProperty
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Applies to bdqffdq:AmendmentResponses. To support bdqtest: Tests, bdqffdq:hasResponseResultValue is expected to carry a key:value list where the keys are the names of bdqffdq:ActedUpon bdqffdq:InformationElements, and the values are the proposed new values (filling in or replacing the values of those terms in the input). Applies to bdqffdq:MeasurementResponses that assert a numeric value.
definition: Data property carrying the value of a bdqffdq:Response when the value is not an object.

Abstract Information Element
type: Class
subclass of: Information Element
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Such bdqffdq:InformationElements as DATE and DAY are abstract, they could reference any representation of those concepts. In contrast, dwc:eventDate and dwc:day can be linked to concrete bdqffdq:ActedUponInformationElements or bdqffdq:ConsultedInformationElements. A MIDS Information Element such as mids:Chronostratigraphy corresponds to a bdqffdq:AbstractInformationElement.
definition: A bdqffdq:InformationElement described in abstract terms and not linked with any concrete terms.

Acted Upon
type: Class
subclass of: Information Element
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:InformationElement to which a bdqffdq:ResponseResult applies.
definition: A bdqffdq:InformationElement, expressed in concrete terms, about which a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed expresses bdqffdq:Responses about the data quality in that bdqffdq:InformationElement.

Amendment
type: Class
subclass of: Amendment Concept
subclass of: Data Quality Need
issued: 2024-09-30
note: ContextualizedEnhancement in the original framework. Describes an instance of a bdqffdq:Enhancement in the context of the associated bdqffdq:InformationElements from a controlled vocabulary (fields bdqffdq:ActedUpon or bdqffdq:Consulted), and a bdqffdq:ResourceType of bdqffdq:SingleRecord or bdqffdq:MultiRecord. Describes a proposal for a bdqffdq:Enhancement of original data, which if accepted, would improve the quality of the data for a use. For example: 'Recommends valid value for taxon name in a Single Record.' bdqffdq:Amendments may describe proposed changes to data values, or proposed changes to processes for the production and manipulation of data, for example, a bdqffdq:Amendment on a bdqffdq:SingleRecord may provide bdqffdq:Criteria for proposing that dwc:decimalLatitude and dwc:decimalLongitude are transposed in that record. Similarly, a bdqffdq:Amendment on a bdqffdq:MultiRecord may provide bdqffdq:Critera for proposing that all dwc:decimalLatitudes and dwc:decimalLongitudes from a data source have been transposed, and the mapping of data values to transport terms should be changed. A bdqffdq:Amendment is the bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed that parallels a bdqffdq:AmendmentMethod in the Solutions layer (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017), and a bdqffdq:AmendmentResponse in the Report layer (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017). AM = { am | am = < ie, e, d, rt >, ie ∈ IE, e ∈ E, d ∈ D ⋀ rt ∈ RT }
definition: A bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed that expresses how proposals may be made to improve the fitness for use of data.

Amendment Concept
type: Class
issued: 2024-09-30
definition: A term involved in proposals of changes to data or process to improve data quality to fit an expressed bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed.

Amendment Method
type: Class
subclass of: Amendment Concept
subclass of: Data Quality Method
issued: 2024-09-30
note: The bdqffdq:AmendmentMethod is a bdqffdq:DataQualityMethod describing the relationship between a bdqffdq:Specification (technical description of a Test) and a bdqffdq:Amendment (a bdqffdq:Enhancement in the context of bdqffdq:ResourceType (bdqffdq:SingleRecord or bdqffdq:MultiRecord) and associated bdqffdq:InformationElements). AMM(am) = { s | s ∈ S ⋀ (am, s) ∈ rel_AMM }
definition: A data quality bdqffdq:SolutionsConcept that relates a bdqffdq:Amendment to its bdqffdq:Specifications.

Amendment Policy
type: Class
subclass of: Amendment Concept
subclass of: Policy
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A data quality Need layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) that describes how a bdqffdq:Amendment relates to a bdqffdq:UseCase. This relationship defines which bdqffdq:Amendments are supported by a given bdqffdq:UseCase. AP(u) = { am | am ∈ AM ⋀ (u, am) ∈ rel_AP }
definition: A bdqffdq:NeedConcept that relates a bdqffdq:UseCase to a set of supporting bdqffdq:Amendments.

Amendment Response
type: Class
subclass of: Amendment Concept
subclass of: Response
issued: 2026-04-13
note: The bdqffdq:AmendmentResponse type is a Report layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) that describes the results of the execution of a Test that performs a bdqffdq:AmendmentMethod following a bdqffdq:Specification to propose changes based on a bdqffdq:Amendment. A bdqffdq:AmendmentResponse is expected to carry, through bdqffdq:hasResponseStatus, a bdqffdq:ResponseStatus result that includes a status bdqffdq:FILLED_IN or bdqffdq:AMENDED, as well as a bdqffdq:hasResponseResultValue that asserts proposed changes to values from the original data. DQA(dr) = { dqa | dqa ∈ RespA ⋀ (dr, dqa) ∈ rel_DQA }
definition: A bdqffdq:Response expressing the result of a bdqffdq:Implementation evaluating a bdqffdq:Amendment supporting a particular bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed to improve a particular bdqffdq:DataResource.

Argument
type: Class
subclass of: Solutions Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: The bdqffdq:Argument is an Actual Parameter, for which a bdqffdq:Parameter is the corresponding Formal Parameter. An extension to the original fitness for use framework as described in Veiga et al., 2017.
definition: A value that, when provided to a Test bdqffdq:Specification to replace a bdqffdq:Parameter changes the behavior of the Test in a defined manner.

Consulted
type: Class
subclass of: Information Element
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:InformationElement the content of which is examined to assert a result on one or more other bdqffdq:InformationElements.
definition: A bdqffdq:InformationElement, expressed in concrete terms, about which a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed examines in order to expresses bdqffdq:Responses about the data quality in another bdqffdq:InformationElement.

Criterion
type: Class
subclass of: Fundamental Concept
subclass of: Need Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: General statement, for example, 'In a controlled vocabulary.' Composed with both bdqffdq:Validations and bdqffdq:Issues.
definition: Rule against which data are evaluated for conformance to quality bdqffdq:Criteria.

Data Quality Dimension
type: Class
subclass of: Fundamental Concept
subclass of: Need Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Describes the aspect of data quality (accuracy, precision, completeness, etc.) that a Test examines. For example, [precision] in [coordinate precision of Single Records]. In the original framework, only related to Measures, here may be related to any bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed.
definition: An aspect of data quality.

Data Quality Method
type: Class
subclass of: Solutions Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:DataQualityMethod is an associative entity that allows bdqffdq:Specifications or data quality Tests to be reused by supporting a many-to-many relationship between the two.
definition: A bdqffdq:SolutionsConcept that relates a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed to a bdqffdq:Specification.

Data Quality Need
type: Class
subclass of: Need Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Subtypes of bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed are the Test Types (Validation, Issue, Measure, and Amendment). The bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed appoximates the informal concept of a Test as used in the BDQ standard.
definition: A bdqffdq:NeedConcept that expresses what bdqffdq:Responses may be made about data with respect to fitness for use.

Data Quality Profile
type: Class
subclass of: Need Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: The bdqffdq:DataQualityProfile is a data quality Need layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) describing the bdqffdq:UseCases that make up a data quality operation such as the behavior of a single actor or workflow producing the relevant bdqffdq:Responses. DQP(u) = MP(u) ⋃ VP(u) ⋃ ISP(u) ⋃ AP(u), where u ∈ U
definition: A bdqffdq:NeedConcept expressing the composition of bdqffdq:Policies to satisfy a bdqffdq:UseCase.

Data Quality Report
type: Class
subclass of: Report Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:DataQualityReport consists of a set of bdqffdq:Responses (bdqffdq:ValidationResponses, bdqffdq:IssueResponses, bdqffdq:MeasurementResponses, and bdqffdq:AmendmentResponses) pertaining to a bdqffdq:DataResource that represent the output of a workflow/actor run. These bdqffdq:Responses form an account of the fitness for use of a tested data set for a specified bdqffdq:UseCase, as produced by a bdqffdq:Mechanism.
definition: A bdqffdq:ReportConcept comprising a set of data quality bdqffdq:Responses.

Data Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Report Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Describes a bdqffdq:DataResource containing terms from a vocabulary such as Darwin Core that can be related to bdqffdq:InformationElements, and represents the original values of the data operated on by a bdqffdq:Response Test (e.g., an instance of dwc:Occurrence). Ideally, bdqffdq:DataResources have persistent GUIDs. A bdqffdq:DataResource could be the oa:target of a oa:Annotation of which a bdqffdq:Response is the oa:body. DR = { dr | dr = < id, rt, v >, id ∈ ID, rt ∈ RT ⋀ v ∈ V }
definition: An owl:Thing to which a data quality bdqffdq:Response applies.

Enhancement
type: Class
subclass of: Amendment Concept
subclass of: Fundamental Concept
subclass of: Need Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A general statement about improvement, for example, 'Recommend replacement value from a controlled vocabulary'.
definition: Description of a means by which data could be improved.

Fundamental Concept
type: Class
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Contrast with derived concepts, which are compositions of two or more bdqffdq:FundamentalConcepts, see Veiga et al., 2017. Derived concepts can be organized by Test type into bdqffdq:ValidationConcept, bdqffdq:IssueConcept, bdqffdq:MeasurementConcept, or bdqffdq:AmendmentConcept. Derived concepts can also be organized by framework layer into bdqffdq:NeedConcept, bdqffdq:SolutionsConcept, and bdqffdq:ReportConcept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017).
definition: Category of fitness for use concepts that are not derived by composition with other concepts.

Implementation
type: Class
subclass of: Solutions Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:Implementation describes the relationship between a bdqffdq:Specification (technical description of a Test) and the bdqffdq:Mechanism that implements it. I(s) = { m | m ∈ M ⋀ (s, m) ∈ rel_I }
definition: A bdqffdq:SolutionsConcept that describes the portion of a bdqffdq:Mechanism that carries out the proccess described in a particular bdqffdq:Specification.

Improvement Target
type: Class
subclass of: Need Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget describes which bdqffdq:Validations, bdqffdq:Issues, and bdqffdq:Measures are improved by a bdqffdq:Amendment. The bdqffdq:ImprovementTarget includes relationships between a bdqffdq:Amendment and one or more bdqffdq:Validations or bdqffdq:Measures. IT(am) = { x | (x ∈ ME ⋁ x ∈ VA ⋁ x ∈ IS) ⋀ (am, x) ∈ rel_IT }
definition: A specific bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed that a specific bdqffdq:Amendment is intended to improve.

Information Element
type: Class
subclass of: Fundamental Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:InformationElement identifies a portion of data to which a Test pertains. A bdqffdq:InformationElement can be represented as a single or composite element that consists of one or more terms from a controlled vocabulary (fields bdqffdq:ActedUpon or bdqffdq:Consulted by a bdqffdq:Response Test) that identifies concepts in data relevant to a bdqffdq:UseCase. An abstraction or a concrete term that represents relevant content (e.g., coordinates; dwc:decimalLatitude, dwc:decimalLongitude).
definition: A portion of data with which a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed is concerned.

Issue
type: Class
subclass of: Data Quality Need
subclass of: Issue Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Added to the original framework. Inverse of ContextualizedCriterion in the original framework. Describes an instance of the bdqffdq:IssueConcept in terms of the associated bdqffdq:InformationElements from a controlled vocabulary (fields bdqffdq:ActedUpon or bdqffdq:Consulted), and a bdqffdq:ResourceType of bdqffdq:SingleRecord or bdqffdq:MultiRecord. Describes bdqffdq:Criteria by which data that lack quality for some purpose may be identified. A bdqffdq:Issue is phrased in a negative sense, and approximates an inverse of a bdqffdq:Validation. A bdqffdq:Issue identifies data that lack or may lack quality. A bdqffdq:Issue may flag a bdqffdq:POTENTIAL_ISSUE that would need further review to determine if the data have quality for some purpose. If the conditions described by a bdqffdq:Issue are identified by a Test, the bdqffdq:ResponseResult will be either bdqffdq:IS_ISSUE or bdqffdq:POTENTIAL_ISSUE, if no bdqffdq:Issue is found with the data, the bdqffdq:ResponseResult will be bdqffdq:NOT_ISSUE. The term bdqffdq:NOT_ISSUE, unlike bdqffdq:COMPLIANT for a bdqffdq:Validation, does not assert that data are fit for some purpose. A bdqffdq:Issue is the bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed concept that parallels a bdqffdq:IssueMethod in the Solutions layer (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017), and a bdqffdq:IssueResponse in the Report layer (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017). IS = { is | is = < ie, c, d, rt >, ie ∈ IE, c ∈ C, d ∈ D ⋀ rt ∈ RT }
definition: A bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed that expresses how quality problems may be identified in data.

Issue Concept
type: Class
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:Issue term is expressed in a negative sense, it identifies data that do not or may not conform to bdqffdq:DataQualityNeeds.
definition: A term involved in flagging problems or potential problems in assessment of data quality that would or might prevent the data from meeting an expressed bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed.

Issue Method
type: Class
subclass of: Data Quality Method
subclass of: Issue Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:IssueMethod is a data quality Solutions layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) describing the relationship between a bdqffdq:Specification (technical description of a Test) and a bdqffdq:Issue (a bdqffdq:Criterion in the context of bdqffdq:ResourceType (bdqffdq:SingleRecord or bdqffdq:MultiRecord) and associated bdqffdq:InformationElements). ISM(is) = { s | s ∈ S ⋀ (is, s) ∈ rel_ISM }
definition: A data quality bdqffdq:SolutionsConcept that relates a bdqffdq:Issue to its bdqffdq:Specifications.

Issue Policy
type: Class
subclass of: Issue Concept
subclass of: Policy
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:IssuePolicy is a data quality Need layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) that describes how a bdqffdq:Issue relates to a bdqffdq:UseCase. This relationship defines which bdqffdq:Issues are supported by a given bdqffdq:UseCase. ISP(u) = { is | is ∈ IS ⋀ (u, is) ∈ rel_ISP }
definition: A bdqffdq:NeedConcept that relates a bdqffdq:UseCase to a set of supporting bdqffdq:Issues.

Issue Response
type: Class
subclass of: Issue Concept
subclass of: Response
issued: 2026-04-13
note: The bdqffdq:DataQualityReport concept describing the output of a Test in the negative (i.e., identifying the potential absence of data quality). If a problem was found, the bdqffdq:IssueResponse is expected to carry, through bdqffdq:hasResponseResult, a bdqffdq:ResponseResult value of bdqffdq:IS_ISSUE, if a potential problem was found that requires human review, the bdqffdq:ResponseResult is expected to be bdqffdq:POTENTIAL_ISSUE, otherwise if the bdqffdq:ResponseStatus is bdqffdq:RUN_HAS_RESULT, the bdqffdq:ResponseResult is expected to be bdqffdq:NOT_ISSUE. DQI(dr) = { dqi | dqi ∈ RespI ⋀ (dr, dqi) ∈ rel_DQI }
definition: A bdqffdq:Response expressing the result of a bdqffdq:Implementation evaluating a bdqffdq:Issue for a particular bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed in a particular bdqffdq:DataResource.

Measure
type: Class
subclass of: Data Quality Need
subclass of: Measurement Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: ContextualizedDimension in the original framework. Describes an instance of the bdqffdq:MeasurementConcept in terms of the associated bdqffdq:InformationElements from a controlled vocabulary (fields bdqffdq:ActedUpon or bdqffdq:Consulted), and a bdqffdq:ResourceType of bdqffdq:SingleRecord or bdqffdq:MultiRecord. Describes the bdqffdq:Criteria for measuring an aspect of data quality related to a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed. May be bdqffdq:Criteria for determining that data are bdqffdq:COMPLETE or bdqffdq:NOT_COMPLETE, or may be bdqffdq:Criteria for asserting a numeric bdqffdq:Measure. The bdqffdq:COMPLETE and bdqffdq:NOT_COMPLETE bdqffdq:Measures are fundamental to data quality control, as a set of data is filtered to the subset of data that have quality for some need if all records are bdqffdq:COMPLETE for all pertinent bdqffdq:Measures. A bdqffdq:Measure is the bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed concept that parallels a bdqffdq:MeasurementMethod in the Solutions layer (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017), and a bdqffdq:MeasurementResponse in the Report layer (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017). ME = { me | me = < ie, d, rt >, ie ∈ IE, d ∈ D ⋀ rt ∈ RT } also acceptable bdqffdq:Measure MEaq(u) = { me | me ∈ ME ⋀ me ∈ MP(u) ⋀ u ∈ U ⋀ resultType(me) = categorical }
definition: A bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed that expresses how the fitness of data for some use may be measured.

Measurement Concept
type: Class
issued: 2024-09-30
definition: A term involved in measurement of data quality with regards to expressed bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed.

Measurement Method
type: Class
subclass of: Data Quality Method
subclass of: Measurement Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:MeasurementMethod is a data quality Solutions layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) describing the relationship between a bdqffdq:Specification (technical description of a Test) and a bdqffdq:Measurement (a bdqffdq:DataQualityDimension in the context of bdqffdq:ResourceType (bdqffdq:SingleRecord or bdqffdq:MultiRecord) and associated bdqffdq:InformationElements). MM(me) = { s | s ∈ S ⋀ (me, s) ∈ rel_MM }
definition: A data quality bdqffdq:SolutionsConcept that relates a bdqffdq:Measure to its bdqffdq:Specifications.

Measurement Policy
type: Class
subclass of: Measurement Concept
subclass of: Policy
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:MeasurementPolicy is a data quality Need layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) that describes how a bdqffdq:Measurement relates to a bdqffdq:UseCase. This relationship defines which bdqffdq:Measures are supported by a given bdqffdq:UseCase. MP(u) = { me | me ∈ ME ⋀ (u, me) ∈ rel_MP }
definition: A bdqffdq:NeedConcept that relates a bdqffdq:UseCase to a set of supporting bdqffdq:Measures.

Measurement Response
type: Class
subclass of: Measurement Concept
subclass of: Response
issued: 2026-04-13
note: A bdqffdq:MeasurementResponse is a Report layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) that describes the output of the execution of a Test that performs a bdqffdq:MeasurementMethod following a bdqffdq:Specification to assess a data quality bdqffdq:Measure. A MeasuremenResponse is expected to carry a bdqffdq:ResponseResult, through bdqffdq:hasResponseResult of bdqffdq:COMPLETE or bdqffdq:NOT_COMPLETE or a numeric measured value (e.g., a bdqffdq:Measure of a dwc:eventDate duration in seconds). DQM(dr) = { dqm | dqm ∈ RespM ⋀ (dr, dqm) ∈ rel_DQM }
definition: A bdqffdq:Response expressing the result of a bdqffdq:Implementation measuring a particular bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed in a particular bdqffdq:DataResource.

Mechanism
type: Class
subclass of: Fundamental Concept
subclass of: Solutions Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:Mechanism may produce bdqffdq:DataQualityReports as products. A bdqffdq:Mechanism describes the entity that performs a bdqffdq:Response Test (code, external service, actor, etc.). Tied to a bdqffdq:Specification via the concept of a bdqffdq:Implementation.
definition: An entity that can execute bdqffdq:DataQualityMethods.

Need Concept
type: Class
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Category of concepts forming the Need layer of the fitness for use framework (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017).
definition: A concept that expresses an aspect of a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed.

Parameter
type: Class
subclass of: Solutions Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:Parameter is a Formal Parameter for which an bdqffdq:Argument is an Actual Parameter that replaces it to determine the behavior of a bdqffdq:Specification. An extension to the original fitness for use framework as described in Veiga et al., 2017.
definition: A placeholder for a value that, when provided to a Test bdqffdq:Specification changes the behavior of the Test in a defined manner.

Policy
type: Class
subclass of: Need Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Composition of bdqffdq:DataQualityNeeds into a bdqffdq:UseCase.
definition: The set of bdqffdq:DataQualityNeeds for a bdqffdq:UseCase.

Quality Assurance
type: Class
subclass of: Fundamental Concept
issued: 2026-05-16
note: The output of a BDQ Quality Assurance operation is a set of records (a MultiRecord). The records contained in a data set filtered for Quality Assurance will comply with the fitness criteria for the given Use Case, this may include accepting changes proposed by Amendments to the data. QA(dr, u) = { dr' | dr' ∈ DR ⋀ dr'.rt = ds ⋀ records(dr') ⊆ records(dr) ⋀ dr ∈ DR ⋀ dr.rt = ds ⋀ u ∈ U ⋀ ∀ me ∈ MEaq(u), ∃ dqm ∈ DQM(dr') ( need(dqm) = me ⋀ result(dqm) = COMPLETE ) }
scope note: This concept of Quality Assurance encompasses Check and Act phases of Plan, Do, Check, Act of Shewhart (1939).
definition: The process of evaluating data for fitness for some use and selecting just those data that are fit for that use. This includes, in BDQ, the operation of filtering a bdqffdq:MultiRecord bdqffdq:DataResource for a specified bdqffdq:Use Case to retain only the data subset where every associated bdqffdq:MultiRecord bdqffdq:Measure that evaluates as COMPLETE/NOT_COMPLETE has a Response.result of COMPLETE, signifying that all contained records are fit for use for the specified bdqffdq:UseCase.

Quality Control
type: Class
subclass of: Fundamental Concept
issued: 2026-05-16
note: The output of a BDQ Quality Control operation is a set of assertions about a data set (a MultiRecord) under test. BDQ does not specify how or whether consumers of Data Quality Reports act to improve their data, conceptually the actions of actually improving the data are included in Quality Control. QC(dr, u) = { x ∈ A(dr) | (x ∈ DQV(dr) ⋀ need(x) ∈ VP(u) ⋀ result(x) = NOT_COMPLIANT) ⋁ (x ∈ DQA(dr) ⋀ need(x) ∈ AP(u) ⋀ status(x) ∈ {FILLED_IN, AMENDED}) ⋁ (x ∈ DQI(dr) ⋀ need(x) ∈ ISP(u) ⋀ result(x) ∈ {IS_ISSUE, POTENTIAL_ISSUE}) ⋁ (x ∈ DQM(dr) ⋀ need(x) ∈ MP(u) ⋀ resultType(x) = numeric) }
scope note: This concept of Quality Control encompasses Check and Act phases of Plan, Do, Check Act of Shewhart (1939).
definition: The process of identifying data that are not fit for particular uses, with the goal of improving the data quality. This includes in BDQ the operation on a bdqffdq:DataQualityReport for a specified bdqffdq:UseCase that yields the filtered subset Responses in that report required to diagnose, prioritize, and remediate detected data quality defects for that Use Case.

Report Concept
type: Class
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Category of concepts forming the Report layer of the fitness for use framework (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017).
definition: A concept concerning data quality expressed in a bdqffdq:DataQualityReport.

Resource Type
type: Class
subclass of: Fundamental Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: The concept of bdqffdq:ResourceType has instances for bdqffdq:SingleRecord or bdqffdq:MultiRecord.
definition: Category of things that are data objects about which data quality bdqffdq:Responses may be made.

Response
type: Class
subclass of: Report Concept
issued: 2024-04-13
note: The bdqffdq:Response type is the bdqffdq:FundamentalConcept that makes up a bdqffdq:DataQualityReport. A bdqffdq:Response can be any one of four types (represented as subclasses), bdqffdq:ValidationResponse, bdqffdq:IssueResponse, bdqffdq:MeasurementResponse, and bdqffdq:AmendmentResponse. The bdqffdq:Response concept relates a bdqffdq:Specification (the technical description of a performed Test), a bdqffdq:DataResource (initial values of input data expressed in terms of a controlled vocabulary), the bdqffdq:Mechanism (external service, actor, or code that performs the Test), and represents the output of the performed Test. Response was called Response in the original formulation of the Framework.
definition: A bdqffdq:ReportConcept produced by a bdqffdq:Implementation expressing a statement about data quality resulting from the application of the logic of a bdqffdq:Specification to a bdqffdq:DataResource.

Response Qualifier
type: Class
subclass of: Report Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Intended as an extension point for qualifying information about uncertainty or ambiguity.
definition: A bdqffdq:ReportConcept to which additional bdqffdq:Responses providing additional information beyond that of bdqffdq:ResponseResult from the execution of the bdqffdq:Specification of a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed are attached.

Response.result
type: Class
subclass of: Report Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: For a bdqffdq:Validation, a bdqffdq:ResponseResult may be bdqffdq:COMPLIANT, or bdqffdq:NOT_COMPLIANT. For a bdqffdq:Measure, a bdqffdq:ResponseResult object may be bdqffdq:COMPLETE or bdqffdq:NOT_COMPLETE. For a bdqffdq:Issue, a bdqffdq:ResponseResult may be bdqffdq:IS_ISSUE, bdqffdq:POTENTIAL_ISSUE, or bdqffdq:NOT_ISSUE. A bdqffdq:Measure may also use a numeric data property. A bdqffdq:Amendment asserts a string data property. The bdqffdq:ResponseResult is represented as a value or a result object for bdqffdq:MeasureAsssertions, or just a result object for bdqffdq:ValidationResponses or just values for changes proposed in bdqffdq:AmendmentResponses.
definition: A bdqffdq:ReportConcept to which controlled vocabulary bdqffdq:Responses about the result of the execution of the bdqffdq:Specification of a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed are attached.

Response.status
type: Class
subclass of: Report Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: The bdqffdq:ResponseStatus is metadata, indicating if data should be present in a bdqffdq:ResponseResult. Any bdqffdq:Response may have the values bdqffdq:INTERNAL_PREREQUISITES_NOT_MET or bdqffdq:EXTERNAL_PREREQUISITES_NOT_MET, indicating that no value would be present in the accompanying bdqffdq:ResponseResult. Other values depend on the bdqffdq:Response type; bdqffdq:RUN_HAS_RESULT for a bdqffdq:Validation, bdqffdq:Issue or bdqffdq:Measure, and bdqffdq:FILLED_IN, bdqffdq:AMENDED, or bdqffdq:NOT_AMENDED for a bdqffdq:Amendment. Additional metadata qualifying the bdqffdq:Response in a bdqffdq:ResponseResult, such as statements of uncertainy or ambiguity may be placed in the bdqffdq:ResponseQualifier.
definition: A bdqffdq:ReportConcept expressing controlled vocabulary values about the exit state of an execution process of a data quality bdqffdq:Specification by a bdqffdq:Implementation.

Solutions Concept
type: Class
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Category of concepts forming the Solutions layer of the fitness for use framework (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017). A bdqffdq:SolutionsConcept is a tool that evaluates data against bdqffdq:NeedConcepts and express conclusions in bdqffdq:DataQualityReports.
definition: A concept that expresses an aspect of a data quality solution.

Specification
type: Class
subclass of: Fundamental Concept
subclass of: Solutions Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:Specification is a technical description of a bdqffdq:Response Test. A bdqffdq:Specification is expected to have the following properties: (1) bdqffdq:hasExpectedResponse and (2) bdqffdq:hasAuthoritiesDefaults.
definition: A specific statement about how to evaluate a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed.

Use Case
type: Class
subclass of: Fundamental Concept
subclass of: Need Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:UseCase describes a purpose or use for which data must have quality. The bdqffdq:ValidationPolicies, bdqffdq:MeasurementPolicies and bdqffdq:AmendmentPolicies that make up a bdqffdq:UseCase define which bdqffdq:Responses cover a given bdqffdq:UseCase. An example of a bdqffdq:UseCase could be 'Check for internal consistency of dates', with bdqffdq:ValidationPolicies for checking consistency between atomic date fields and a bdqffdq:Amendment such as 'eventDate filled in from verbatim'. A bdqffdq:UseCase is not the same as a use cases in the software engineering sense, but is similar in that it is a formal bdqffdq: statement derived from analyis of user stories concerning data use. A bdqffdq:UseCase is expected to have a bdqffdq:hasFitnessRequirements property.
definition: A bdqffdq:NeedConcept expressing a purpose to which data are put for which the data must have quality for the result to have meaning and reliability.

Validation
type: Class
subclass of: Data Quality Need
subclass of: Validation Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: ContextualizedCriterion in the original framework. Describes the bdqffdq:Criteria for determining compliance of data to fill a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed. A description of a bdqffdq:Criterion applied to a bdqffdq:InformationElement for a bdqffdq:ResourceType. Describes an instance of a bdqffdq:Criterion in terms of the associated bdqffdq:InformationElements from a controlled vocabulary (fields bdqffdq:ActedUpon or bdqffdq:Consulted), and a bdqffdq:ResourceType of bdqffdq:SingleRecord or bdqffdq:MultiRecord. A bdqffdq:Validation is phrased in a positive sense. It identifies data which have quality for some need. For example, the value of dwc:basisOfRecord of bdqffdq:SingleRecords must be in the controlled vocabulary for dwc:basisOfRecord. A bdqffdq:Validation is the bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed that parallels a bdqffdq:ValidationMethod in the Solutions layer (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017), and a bdqffdq:ValidationResponse in the Report layer (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017). A bdqffdq:ValidationResponse may specify a result that is bdqffdq:COMPLIANT, where the data have quality, or bdqffdq:NOT_COMPLIANT, where the data lack quality for a bdqffdq:UseCase. VA = { va | va = < ie, c, d, rt >, ie ∈ IE, c ∈ C, d ∈ D ⋀ rt ∈ RT }
definition: A bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed that expresses how data may be evaluated for fitness for use.

Validation Concept
type: Class
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:Validation term is expressed in a positive sense, it identifies data that conform to a bdqffdq:NeedConcept.
definition: A term involved in statements about the conformance of data to expressed bdqffdq:DataQualityNeeds.

Validation Method
type: Class
subclass of: Data Quality Method
subclass of: Validation Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:ValidationMethod is a data quality Solutions layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) describing the relationship between a bdqffdq:Specification (technical description of a Test) and a bdqffdq:Validation (a bdqffdq:Criterion in the context of bdqffdq:ResourceType (bdqffdq:SingleRecord or bdqffdq:MultiRecord) and associated bdqffdq:InformationElements). VM(va) = { s | s ∈ S ⋀ (va, s) ∈ rel_VM }
definition: A data quality bdqffdq:SolutionsConcept that relates a bdqffdq:Validation to its bdqffdq:Specifications.

Validation Policy
type: Class
subclass of: Policy
subclass of: Validation Concept
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A bdqffdq:ValidationPolicy is a data quality Need layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) that describes how a bdqffdq:Validation relates to a bdqffdq:UseCase. This relationship defines which bdqffdq:Validations are needed to identify quality in a given bdqffdq:UseCase. VP(u) = { va | va ∈ VA ⋀ (u, va) ∈ rel_VP }
definition: A bdqffdq:NeedConcept that relates a bdqffdq:UseCase to a set of supporting bdqffdq:Validations.

Validation Response
type: Class
subclass of: Response
subclass of: Validation Concept
issued: 2026-04-13
note: The bdqffdq:ValidationResponse is a Report layer concept (see Figure 3 in Veiga et al., 2017) that describes the output of the execution of a Test that performs a bdqffdq:ValidationMethod following a bdqffdq:Specification to assess the validity of some data with respect to the bdqffdq:Criteria of a bdqffdq:Validation. The bdqffdq:ValidationResponse concept is expected to carry through bdqffdq:hasResponseResult a bdqffdq:ResponseResult of bdqffdq:COMPLIANT or bdqffdq:NON_COMPLIANT. DQV(dr) = { dqv | dqv ∈ RespV ⋀ (dr, dqv) ∈ rel_DQV }
definition: A bdqffdq:Response expressing the result of a bdqffdq:Implementation validating compliance with a particular bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed in a particular bdqffdq:DataResource.

AMENDED
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.status
different from: NOT_AMENDED
issued: 2024-09-30
note: The value bdqffdq:AMENDED implies that a change is being proposed to an existing bdqval:NotEmpty value. bdqffdq:Amendments do not provide bdqffdq:hasResponseResult object properties. Proposed changes will be in a bdqffdq:hasResponseResultValue data property.
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseStatus used to indicate that a bdqffdq:hasResponseResultValue from a bdqffdq:Amendment contains a proposed change.

COMPLETE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.result
different from: NOT_COMPLETE
issued: 2024-09-30
note: This value can be used to filter data for bdqffdq:QualityAssurance. This value can be asserted, for example, by bdqffdq:Measures of bdqffdq:MultiRecords where all the bdqffdq:Validation bdqffdq:ResponseResults from all included records in the dataset are bdqffdq:COMPLIANT.
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseResult of a bdqffdq:Measure that asserts that data are present and sufficiently comprehensive for use.

COMPLIANT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.result
different from: NOT_COMPLIANT
issued: 2024-09-30
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseResult of a bdqffdq:Validation where the data conforms to the bdqffdq:Criteria for quality in the Test bdqffdq:Specification.

EXTERNAL_PREREQUISITES_NOT_MET
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.status
different from: INTERNAL_PREREQUISITES_NOT_MET
issued: 2024-09-30
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseStatus used to indicate that a bdqffdq:ResponseResult was not generated because a bdqval:sourceAuthority was not accessible. If the Test is run at a later time, it may produce a different bdqffdq:ResponseStatus.

FILLED_IN
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.status
different from: NOT_AMENDED
issued: 2024-09-30
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseStatus used to indicate that a bdqffdq:Amendment contains a proposed change to a record in a bdqffdq:hasResponseResultValue where the bdqffdq:InformationElement was bdqval:Empty.

INTERNAL_PREREQUISITES_NOT_MET
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.status
issued: 2024-09-30
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseStatus used to indicate that a bdqffdq:ResponseResult was not generated because values of the bdqffdq:InformationElement were insufficient to run the Test. If the Test is run at a later time on unmodified data, it should produce the same bdqffdq:ResponseStatus.

IS_ISSUE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.result
different from: NOT_ISSUE
different from: POTENTIAL_ISSUE
issued: 2024-09-30
note: This is a parallel bdqffdq:ResponseResult to bdqffdq:NOT_COMPLIANT
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseResult of a bdqffdq:Issue indicating that the data do not have sufficient quality for a use.

Multi Record
type: NamedIndividual
type: Resource Type
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A data set. Encoded data with a defined structure that can be described as dcmitype:Dataset.
definition: A set of one or more bdqffdq:SingleRecords.

NOT_AMENDED
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.status
issued: 2024-09-30
note: No value will be provided in a bdqffdq:hasResponseResultValue. bdqffdq:Amendments do not provide bdqffdq:hasResponseResult object properties.
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseStatus used to indicate that a bdqffdq:Amendment proposed no change.

NOT_COMPLETE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.result
issued: 2024-09-30
note: This value can be used to exclude data for bdqffdq:QualityAssurance. This value can be asserted, for example, by bdqffdq:Measures of bdqffdq:MultiRecords where not all the bdqffdq:Validation bdqffdq:ResponseResult from all included records in the dataset have a bdqffdq:ResponseResult of bdqffdq:COMPLIANT.
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseResult of a bdqffdq:Measure which asserts that data are not present or are not sufficiently comprehensive for a use.

NOT_COMPLIANT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.result
issued: 2024-09-30
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseResult of a bdqffdq:Validation where the data do not conform to the bdqffdq:Criteria for quality in the Test bdqffdq:Specification.

NOT_ISSUE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.result
different from: POTENTIAL_ISSUE
issued: 2024-09-30
note: This is similar to, but has different semantics to, bdqffdq:COMPLIANT for a bdqffdq:Validation. The value bdqffdq:COMPLIANT means that the data were evaluated as having quality according to a bdqffdq:Criterion. The value bdqffdq:NOT_ISSUE means that no bdqffdq:Issue with data quality was found under a bdqffdq:Criterion for identifying the absence of quality.
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseResult of a bdqffdq:Issue where no potential problems were detected.

POTENTIAL_ISSUE
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.result
issued: 2024-09-30
note: See also bdqffdq:IS_ISSUE and bdqffdq:NOT_ISSUE. The value bdqffdq:POTENTIAL_ISSUE has no analog in a bdqffdq:Validation.
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseResult of a bdqffdq:Issue that indicates that the data may not have sufficient quality for a use. The user will need to evaluate if the data are fit for their particular use or not.

RUN_HAS_RESULT
type: NamedIndividual
type: Response.status
issued: 2024-09-30
note: Applies to bdqffdq:Validations, bdqffdq:Issues and bdqffdq:Measures, but not bdqffdq:Amendments. For a bdqffdq:Validation or a bdqffdq:Issue, the value will be found as a bdqffdq:ResponseResult object by following bdqffdq:hasResponseResult. For a bdqffdq:Measure, the value could be either in the data property bdqffdq:hasResponseResultValue or could be a ResponseResult object.
definition: A bdqffdq:ResponseStatus used to indicate that that a result was correctly generated.

Single Record
type: NamedIndividual
type: Resource Type
issued: 2024-09-30
note: A record from a dcmitype:Dataset. May be a database tuple, in the strict sense (i.e, a single row in a table) or may be rows related across several tables, or a graph of data. A bdqffdq:SingleRecord is single in that it has one instance of a core concept from the perspective of bdqffdq:InformationElements assessed for a bdqffdq:UseCase. For example, in a bdqffdq:UseCase where dwc:Occurences are central, a bdqffdq:SingleRecord would represent a single dwc:Occurrence, but could have multiple dwc:Identifications and multiple dwc:Taxa related to it in a graph or data structure. However, in a bdqffdq:UseCase where dwc:Taxa are central, a bdqffdq:SingleRecord would represent a single dwc:Taxon entity (and might have multiple dwc:Occurrences related to it as part of the bdqffdq:SingleRecord, so long as the graph was limited before reaching other dwc:Taxon entities). A bdqffdq:SingleRecord, like a bdqffdq:MultiRecord, consists of data with a defined structure that can be described as dcmitype:Dataset
definition: A single entity comprised of encoded data with a defined structure that contains one instance of a core concept from the perspective of bdqffdq:InformationElements assessed for a bdqffdq:DataQualityNeed.